Indulgences and their Role in the Reformation

Indulgences and their Role in the Reformation An ‘indulgence’ was part of medieval Catholicism and a major trigger to the Protestant Reformation. Basically, indulgences could be purchased in order to reduce the punishment you were owed for your sins. Buy an indulgence for a loved one, and they would go to heaven and not burn in hell. Buy an indulgence for yourself, and you neednt worry about that pesky affair youd been having. If this sounds like cash or good deeds for less pain, that is exactly what it was. To many holy people like Martin Luther, this was against Jesus, against the idea of the church, against the point of seeking forgiveness and redemption. When Luther acted against it, Europe had evolved to the point that it would split in the revolution of the Reformation. What They Did The medieval western Christian church – the Eastern Orthodox church was different and not covered by this article – included two key concepts which allowed indulgences to occur. Firstly, you were going to be punished for the sins you accumulated in life, and this punishment was only partly erased by good works (like pilgrimage, prayers or donations to charity), divine forgiveness and absolution. The more you had sinned, the greater the punishment. Secondly, by the medieval era, the concept of purgatory had developed: a state entered after death where you would suffer the punishment which would reduce your sins until you were free, so you weren’t damned to hell but could work things off. This system invited something which would enable sinners to reduce their punishments in return for something else, and as purgatory emerged so bishops were given the powers to reduce penance. This developed in the crusades, where you were encouraged to go and fight (often) abroad in return for your sins being canceled. It proved a highly useful tool to motivate a worldview where the church, God,  and sin were central.From this, the indulgence system developed. Do enough to earn a full or ‘Plenary’ indulgence from the Pope or lesser ranks of churchmen, and all your sin (and punishment) was erased. Partial indulgences would cover a lesser amount, and complex systems developed which claimed to tell you to the day how much sin you’d canceled. Why They Went Wrong This system of reducing sin and punishment then went, to the eyes of many Reformation reformers, hideously wrong. People who didn’t, or couldn’t, go on crusade wondered whether some other practice might allow them to earn the indulgence. Perhaps something financial? So the indulgence came to be associated with people ‘buying’ them, whether by offering to donate sums to charitable works, to buildings to praise the church and all the other ways money could be used. This began in the thirteenth century and developed, to the point where government and church were creaming off a percentage of the funds, and complaints about selling forgiveness spread. You could even buy indulgences for your ancestors, relatives, and friends who were already dead. The Division of Christianity Money had infested the indulgence system, and when Martin Luther wrote his 95 Theses in 1517 he attacked it. As the church attacked him back he developed his views, and indulgences were squarely in his sights. Why, he wondered, did the church need to accumulate money when the Pope could, really, just free everyone from purgatory by himself? The church divided into fragments, many of which threw the indulgence system entirely out, and while they didn’t cancel the underpinnings, the Papacy reacted by banning the sale of indulgences in 1567 (but they still existed within the system.) Indulgences were the trigger to centuries of bottled up anger and confusion against the church and allowed it to be cleaved into pieces.

Combining Nurse leader with Advocacy Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Combining Nurse leader with Advocacy - Term Paper Example First, there is the personal and professional accountability where through my advancement of education from an RN to a BSN I have become a professional in the workplace, as I understand better the needs of the patients. Additionally, I have managed to ensure that I am ethically upright in this profession, as well as, competent and good at my job (Daly, Speedy & Jackson, 2004). The greatest disadvantage or weakness, I am facing now in this area, is the lack of an appropriate certification to a specific specialty of career. My previous career in home ventilation management came to a stop after I suffered physical disability, which would not allow me to work. Over time, my certification in this field expired, and that is why I opted for a different career path. Although, I now considered myself a novice in terms of professionalism, the steps I am taking right now are aimed at overcoming this challenge. Under career planning, I visualize myself in a better place than I am right now because I am confident that I am heading in the right direction. Education advancement has been a major boost to my career plan because I am improving my career status with each step I take as I advance my education level (Kelly, 2012). It is for this reason that I will consider my strength under career planning to the fact that I am furthering my education, which contributes to gathering of a vast amount of knowledge through the learning experience. My main weakness, in this area, would also be my physical disability. However, I am determined to work hard and do everything in my ability to help me achieve my career goals despite the hurdles in my way. The third area, I am going to look at, is the personal journey disciplines, which involves the techniques that are set aside to help an individual grow and be strong as a leader. In my case, this is an area that I have little knowledge about but am working on and learning about shared leadership, as well

Presentation and written submission Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 1

Presentation and written submission - Essay Example The global crisis was developed mainly due to the bursting of the US housing bubble, which stemmed from adverse selection of mortgages and resulted US mortgage crisis. Evidently, the global financial crisis slowed down economic activities and this situation in turn impeded the economic growth of nations around the globe. More precisely, the 2008 financial crisis has led to a dramatic increase in uncertainty in financial markets. Specifically, the resulting inability of lenders to solve the adverse selection problem makes them less willing to lend, which leads to a decline in lending, investment and aggregate economic activity. This paper will evaluate the financial market uncertainty identified by giving some real life examples. Financial market uncertainty Thoughtless provision of mortgage loans and increased speculation in the housing market significantly contributed to a series of bank collapses in the United States. The failure of credit rating agencies in properly identifying th e risk elements associated with complex securities and subsequent housing bubble also contributed to the global financial crisis. Most of the studies conducted to identify the real causes of the 2008 financial crisis reported that adverse selection in mortgages led to housing bubble and bank failures. Therefore, today banks and other financial institutions across the globe are extremely bothered about the possibility of defaults in loan repayments; and hence they are hardly willing to lend even to potential clients. Naturally, this situation leads to a decline in lending and investment. The decelerated financial transactions adversely affect circulation of money which in turn reduce economic growth rate. Decline in lending In response to this uncertain economic condition, UK banks significantly reduced lending over the last few years. As Tortman (2011) reported in the Telegraph dated Feb 28, in 2011, UK’s four leading banks limited their commercial real estate property lendin g by a combined total of ?17.2 billion. Royal Bank of Scotland and Lloyds Banking Group, Europe’s two largest commercial property lenders, trimmed their loans by a combined ?14.5 billion (ibid). As per the same report, HSBC and Barclays cut lending by a combined ?2.7 billion. These figures indicate that how UK lenders deal with property lending after the global credit crisis. According to Phil Clark, co-author of the Property Industry Alliance’s report, UK banks have been very vigilant in mitigating their loan exposure to real estate (as cited in Trotman, 2011). He added that annual real estate lending in UK would drop to ?100bn over the next few years (ibid). As Milliken (2013) reported in Reuters dated March 4, in order to boost bank lending and thereby to promote economic growth of the UK, the Bank of England and the finance ministry launched the flagship plan (Funding for Lending Scheme) June 2012. This plan was intended to offer cheap funds to banks if they booste d lending to medium sized businesses and home buyers. However, some recent reports indicate that although banks and other lending institutions have utilised almost ?14bn of the central bank funds offered, net lending indicates a reverse trend (ibid). The report says that Vince Cable, the UK Secretary of State for Business, admitted that the result was ‘very disappointing’. Financial releases indicate that borrowers repaid nearly

30 Doradus Image Tour

30 Doradus Image Tour Image Tour 30 Doradus as a image tour and I chose this tour because it is the largest star forming region found near our own galaxies and I thought that it would be a good topic to learn about while I am typing this, and if you are reading this I am going to bring you on a tour of writing this whole this so sit back and grab some popcorn and get ready to read. 30 doradus contains things such as Newborn star clusters, Older Star Clusters, Supernova remnant, Pillar Chain, Dark Nebulae, Hot Bubble, Hill Region, and a Runway Star. I am going to break this into parts. A Newborn Star Cluster is a bright and dense star cluster called R136, and is one of the largest star cluster near our galaxy. Stars usually live to nearly a billion years and these stars are 1 to 2 million years old. These stars will eventually explode into supernovae. Bright stars emit a energetic ultraviolet radiation that heats up and erodes the gas clouds around the star cluster. Dense dust covers the gas creat very dark pillars hence the name pillar chain because there is more than just one. Resembling a gaseous version of a coral reef, these fragmented and wispy clouds are along the edge of a large of extremely hot gas.This gas has been heated to about over 1 million degrees by the high energy radiation from hot stars or stellar explosions, this could be why it it super hot. Lastly but not least is a runway star that was caught speeding at a velocity of 250,000 miles per hour. This star though is 1 to 2 million years old meaning that it could of got at a velocity that fast from a stellar explosion or it ejected itself from the newborn gas cluster but if it did it would move a lot slower than how it is now showing that it was a stellar explosion. When gas is heated a lot it starts to glow a pinkish-red because of a newborn star heating up the gas making that star to appear like a rose-like color. Stars form in the deepest, darkest, and deepest part of hydrogen dust clouds. These dark clouds are remnants of a gigantic dark nebulae that is going to be formed.There was more but I didnt want to add it because it might exceed the 1 page limit for the assignment. Discoveries Discovering Planets Beyond In this discovery it changed austomeners lives forever and used hubble to do so but many planets have been found also found with telescopes on the surface but hubble changed eyes forever. It was then they asked questions like how do planets form, are there alien atmospheres that we can live on?, and can we hunt for a planet that is close to us. All these questions have been answered and it was all because of hubble. Now people have been begining theories that planets just are formed from stars that collided with asteroids but actually plantes have been formed by asteroids colliding with each other to make much bigger asteroids and eventually making a planet. This is true because hubble has seen it happen and made a completely new planet. Finding planets around other stars is hard. Planets are tiny relative to most other objects in the universe. And they can be a billion times dimmer than the stars they orbit. Because planets in other solar systems are nearly impossible to see directly, astronomers have had to come up with innovative ways to hunt these covert objects. Only in the past couple decades has our technology and techniques been up to the task of finding extrasolar planets. The Hubble Space Telescope has a wide range of astronomical pursuits from studying black holes in distant galaxies to observing members of our solar system. So it isnt able to dedicate a lot of time to the hunt for extrasolar planets. But that doesnt mean Hubble hasnt tried or succeeded. In fact, Hubble has conducted some of the farthest searches of extrasolar planets ever attempted. It has proven that enigmatic objects discovered by other telescopes are planets. And it has made some exoplanet firsts.. Lastly are we alone in space that question is average because still many other planets that we havent seen so that is still an unknown question.

Harry Lavender Essay Essay

As you all know, even a visual tells a story. However, characters in a text through distinctive voices demonstrate their personalities which contribute to an insightful understanding of the text. Marele Dey’s novel, The Life and Crimes of Harry Lavender (Harry†¦) 1988 expounds the criminal activities of crime boss Harry Lavender whose distinctive voice though unheard is loudest in the text portraying his personality of a corrupt crime lord. In conjunction the narrator, Claudia Valentine’s voice is heard through her thoughts and actions portraying a person who fights such evil men like Lavender. Howard Hawk’s film, The Big Sleep (1946) based on Raymond Chandler’s novel by the same name demonstrates that crime even in those bleak times after the War demonstrated the distinctive voices of criminals. How many of us have heard power invested in individuals but have not seen them? They exist in reality and in texts that capture the interest of their audiences through the uniquely moulded voices of characters. Some voices are heard strongly throughout the text while others are silent but just as important. Dey’s significant character rather ironically is the crime boss Harry Lavender (Lavender) whose unheard voice written as monologues in ‘ Up here ..†¦I glide effortlessly along the streets, jump from building to building’, through first person narration not only reflects the arrogance in his voice but also demonstrates his power as a crime boss. He dreams of his funeral which he describes as, ‘†¦in death as in life the police allow me smooth passage†¦Ã¢â‚¬â„¢ through an arrogant tone to show his importance ironically as a social outcast. The protagonist, detective, Claudia Valentine’s voice is largely in first person narrative ‘I woke up feeling like death’ metaphorically alluding to her hangover from a night’s drinking. Dey’s unique style of crime writing lies in her deception of her audience into believing that the distinctive voice in the opening chapter is that of a male. Her visual imagery of, ‘†¦. ash trays full of butts†¦.. empty bottles of Jack Daniels’ including a â€Å"good-looking blonde in the bed next to me† challenges the audiences pre-conceived notions, as they assume the blonde is female. The narrator’s voice brings out distinctive features of a â€Å"male† talking and is a subversion of the usual detective genre which is dominated by â€Å"male† detectives. As a detective fiction film noir text, The Big Sleep reflects the â€Å"bleak darkness† of the Post World War one era in which economic crisis, prohibition and the appearance of a ‘gangster’ underworld created an atmosphere of social decay† caused by black market in liquor supplies. Philip Marlowe, the detective emerges as the lonesome anti-hero who confronts the complex crime. He is the epitome of the hard-boiled detective, isolated from society, his brusque and laconic vernacular characterising the painfully honest risk taker, drinker and smoker, with a deep voice that is so characteristically American. The opening scene is captured as Marlowe is obscured when the butler opens the door and the audience can only hear his deep laconic American drawl that typifies Humphrey Bogart’s style. ‘My Name is Marlowe, Mr Sternwood wants to see me’, which prepares the audience through his distinctive voice to meet a man of strength and confidence. General Sternwood a man of some wealth unlike Lavender is well respected and does not succumb to blackmail which was the reason he summons Marlowe. His voice is distinctive as he asserts that, ‘I do not bend to blackmail’ portraying his good values. Hawk’s treatment of the women whose voices are distinctive but beguiling is often criticised with claims that he portrayed them as villains in accordance with the femme fatale of the 1950’s film noir. The general sees one of his daughters Carmen as naà ¯ve and always drunk, ‘Carmen is a child who likes to pull wings off flies’ illustrating her child-like personality through the simile and image of a butterfly. This demonstrates how people’s characters are shaped by what they say. In conclusion characters through their distinctive voices capture the audience’s interest.

Emotional Intelligence and Inner Critic - 4304 Words

------------------------------------------------- ------------------------------------------------- On Course Quizzes Chapters ------------------------------------------------- 1-5 and 8 ------------------------------------------------- ------------------------------------------------- ------------------------------------------------- ------------------------------------------------- ------------------------------------------------- ------------------------------------------------- ------------------------------------------------- ------------------------------------------------- ------------------------------------------------- ------------------------------------------------- -------------------------------------------------†¦show more content†¦a. | organize the information in a way that makes sense to you | b. | practice using the new information many times | c. | evaluate the quality of the learning youve done | d. | evaluate what additional information you need for effective learning | e. | all of these | 13. After completing the self-assessment in On Course, your wisest choice with regard to the weaknesses you discover is to ____. a. | disregard their importance to your success in college and in life | b. | accept your weaknesses and resolve to turn your back on them | c. | accept your weaknesses and place the blame for each weakness where it belongsï‚ ¾on yourself or others | d. | accept your weaknesses and, when possible, take action to create positive changesï‚ ¾in beliefs and behaviors | e. | none of these | 14. You have just attended a class in psychology that presented information that was new to you. You took notes in class. Afterwards you rewrite and reorganize the notes from the class. Which elements of the CORE Learning System have you engaged in so far? a. | collect | b. | collect, organize | c. | collect, organize, rehearse | d. | collect, organize, rehearse, evaluate | e. | none of these | 15. 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Penshoppe Marketing Plan - 5907 Words

I. Executive Summary Based on the report researching by the Price Water House, the Golden ABC Inc. becomes the third largest industry of apparels, accessories, cosmetics, and fragrance in the Philippines. However, the performance of the company in 2011 seemed lower a bit than the performance in 2010 approximately twenty-three percent. To improve this outputs raising the net income and creating the brand images with the target market, the company should follow the marketing objectives like introduce Penshoppe’s product lines to the prospective customers, raise awareness to enlarge the penetrated market and boost the brand recall convincing the target markets, redeem and keep maximum profits and minimum tax burden with cost saving, develop†¦show more content†¦In 2002, it was elevated to the Hall of Fame from the same award giving body. Penshoppe products have entered the international market and this may be evidenced by their use of foreign celebrities to endorse their products. The brand previously had Mandy Moore as an endorser in 2001 and recently in 2011, they hired Ed Westwick to be the face of the company. In addition, Penshoppe tied up with a New York-based Filipino designer, Robin Tomas, in launching a new line of men and women’s tops. After 26 years, Penshoppe has become a purveyor of high-quality fashion at affordable prices, with no less than Efron, Ed Westwick and Mauro Maurer as its image models. They adapted to the demands of the market and raised the desirability and value of the brand. From a simple t-shirt, it has become a lifestyle brand. Penshoppe has spawned other brands such as the edgy Oxygen, Memo for office wear, and ForMe for women of different body types. To further raise its image, Golden ABC Inc., has acquired Regatta, the aspirational casual wear, and Tyler, the premium brand. In the Philippines, Golden ABC’s brands ended 2011 with 500 stores. It is targeting 600 stores by year end. The company also ventured into direct selling with its Red Logo label and a Consumer Group division that sells fragrance and cosmetics under the Acquabella label. The company grew by an estimated 60 percent in 2010. With theShow MoreRelatedHayden Kho2018 Words   |  9 PagesMARKETING PLAN HAYDEN FRAGRANCES I. EXECUTIVE SUMMARY Coming off from an unpleasant publicity in 2010, Hayden Kho Jr. comes back strong with exciting scents that would surely make not only his, but every man’s name and presence synonymous to cleanliness and freshness. With the introduction of his fragrance collection in 2011, the company has aggressively expanded its operations through its marketing channels and chosen method of mass media. The company will continue to push with its strategy